Desempenho e composição morfológica de duas cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha submetidas a intensidades luminosas

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Propagação e desenvolvimento inicial defícus adhatodifolia Schott ex Spreng. (Moraceae) em diferentes temperaturas, intensidades luminosas e substratos

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Cultivo de larvas de Ucides cordatus (LINNAEU, 1763) sob diferentes intensidades luminosas

O caranguejo-uçá, Ucides cordatus, é uma espécie típica dos manguezais brasileiros e tem grande importância econômica para as populações litorâneas tradicionais. O presente trabalho investigou a influência da intensidade luminosa sobre a sobrevivência e a taxa de desenvolvimento larval de U. cordatus. Três intensidades luminosas foram avaliadas: claro - 710 lux, penumbra - 210 lux e escuro - 1 lux, em duas condições de cultivo, individual e coletivo. Houve diferenças significativas entre as taxas de sobrevivência das larvas zoea e as três intensidades luminosas avaliadas (p<0,05). As maiores taxas de ecdise para o estágio de megalopa foram obtidas no tratamento claro (42% nos cultivos coletivos e 30% nos cultivos individuais). No tratamento escuro, a metamorfose para megalopa foi de apenas 16% nos cultivos coletivos e de 7% nos cultivos individuais. Estes resultados indicam que a manutenção das larvas em baixas intensidades luminosas afeta negativamente a sobrevivência larval de U. cordatus.

Intensidades luminosas e profundidade de Semeadura na emergência e desenvolvimento de espécies de plantas daninhas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação dos efeitos da disponibilidade de luz sobre o crescimento e competição entre cepas de Planktothrix agardhii e Microcystis aeruginosa

As cianobactérias Microcystis aeruginosa e Planktothrix agardhii são espécies formadoras de florações comuns em ecossistemas aquáticos eutrofizados. Nestes ambientes, a disponibilidade de luz é um dos fatores determinantes para o desenvolvimento e estruturação da comunidade fitoplanctônica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da luz na fisiologia de cepas de cianobactérias (M. aeruginosa e P. agardhii), avaliando o crescimento, a variabilidade inter e intra-específica e a competição por luz. Para tanto foram realizados cultivos estanques em diferentes intensidades luminosas (10, 40, 60, 100 e 500 mol m-2 s-1) e calculadas as taxas de crescimento e os rendimentos máximos das culturas. O requerimento mínimo de luz de cada cepa foi determinado em experimentos com monoculturas em sistemas de cultivo contínuo (quimiostatos) sob condições de limitação de luz. A competição por luz foi avaliada através de experimentos com biculturas em quimiostatos. Foi observada variabilidade intra e inter-específica das cepas, nas diferentes intensidades luminosas testadas. Em 500 μmol m-2 s-1, as cepas de M. aeruginosa obtiveram maior biomassa do que P. agardhii, corroborando a maior sensibilidade de P. agardhii luz. Embora com rendimento máximo menor, P. agardhii cresceu em intensidades luminosas consideradas elevadas para a espécie, 100 e 500 μmol m-2 s-1. Estes resultados evidenciam a capacidade de P. agardhii ocorrer em ambientes com grandes amplitudes de luminosidade. Na intensidade de 10 μmol m-2 s-1, M. aeruginosa e P. agardhii apresentaram crescimento semelhante, demonstrando a habilidade das duas espécies em crescer com pouca luz. Nas monoculturas em quimiostato, sob condições de limitação de luz, as cepas de M. aeruginosa atingiram maior biomassa durante o equilíbrio (steady-state) do que P. agadhii, refletindo uma capacidade suporte mais elevada, enquanto que os valores de requerimento mínimo de luz foram semelhantes entre as duas espécies. Ao competirem, M. aeruginosa superou P. agardhii imediatamente após o início do experimento. Esse rápido crescimento resultou na dominância de M. aeruginosa em todos os pares de cepas testados e, em dois casos, ocorreu exclusão competitiva de P. agardhii. Quando não ocorreu exclusão, P. agardhii conseguiu manter-se no sistema com uma baixa biomassa (ca.15%). Estes resultados ajudam a entender a co-ocorrência destas espécies no ambiente e a dominância de M. aeruginosa mesmo em condições de baixa luminosidade.

Photoinactivation of viruses by porphyrins

A inativação fotodinâmica tem sido usada com sucesso na inativação de microorganismos. Diversos aspetos da inativação fotodinâmica foram já estudados para diferentes microrganismos, contudo, existe ainda pouca informação disponível no que diz respeito à inativação de bacteriófagos por processos fotodinâmicos. Este trabalho pretendeu elucidar e avaliar vários aspetos da fotoinativação de vírus, em particular de bacteriófagos, incluindo (i) o efeito de diversos parâmetros de luz utilizados na fotoinativação de bacteriófagos; (ii) a eficiência da inativação fotodinâmica de diferentes tipos de bacteriófagos (fagos do tipo DNA e RNA); (iii) o principal mecanismo através do qual a inativação fotodinâmica tem lugar; (iv) o efeito da fotoinativação nas proteínas do bacteriófago; e (v) o possível desenvolvimento de resistência e recuperação da viabilidade após vários tratamentos fotodinâmicos consecutivos. Para avaliar o efeito dos diferentes parâmetros de luz, suspensões fágicas com 107 UFP mL-1 foram irradiadas com diferentes fontes e doses de luz, intensidades luminosas e tempos de irradiação (30,90 e 270 min) na presença de 0,5; 1,0 e 5,0 μM dos derivados porfirínicos catiónicos Tri- Py+-Me-PF e Tetra-Py+-Me. A eficiência da fotoinativação de diferentes fagos do tipo DNA e RNA, foi avaliada através da irradiação da suspensão fágica com luz branca (40 W m-2) durante 270 min na presença de 0,5 e 5,0 μM do derivado porfirínico Tri-Py+-Me-PF, respetivamente para os fagos do tipo RNA e DNA. O mecanismo através do qual a fotoinativação de fagos de DNA (fago do tipo T4) e de RNA (fago Qb) tem lugar foi avaliado por exposição da suspensão fágica à luz branca com uma potência de 40 W m-2, na presença de fotossensibilizador (Tri-Py+-Me-PF e Tetra-Py+-Me) e inibidores, quer do oxigénio singuleto (azida de sódio e L-histidina) quer de radicais livres (Dmanitol e L-cisteína). Os danos nas proteínas do fago do tipo T4, induzidos pelas espécies reativas de oxigénio geradas por 5,0 μM Tri-Py+-Me-PF, foram avaliados pelo método convencional de SDS-PAGE e por espectroscopia de infravermelho. O possível desenvolvimento de resistência e recuperação da viabilidade após a inativação fotodinâmica dos bacteriófagos foi avaliado após dez ciclos consecutivos de tratamento fotodinâmico incompletos (120 min sob irradiação de luz branca a uma potência de 40 W m-2) na presença de 5,0 μM do derivado porfirínico Tri-Py+-Me-PF. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que (i) quando uma quantidade de energia (dose de luz) determinada foi aplicada numa suspensão fágica, a partir de uma mesma fonte irradiação, a fotoinactivação do fago foi tanto mais eficiente quanto mais baixa foi a potência luminosa aplicada; (ii) os bacteriófagos foram eficientemente inativados até ao limite de deteção (redução de 6-7 log); (ii) os fagos do tipo RNA foram inativados mais facilmente do que os fagos do tipo DNA (tempos de exposição mais curtos e com concentração de fotossensibilizador dez vezes menor do que a usada para inativar os fagos do tipo DNA); (iii) o mecanismo do tipo II (via produção de oxigénio singuleto) foi o principal mecanismo através do qual a fotoinativação dos bacteriófagos teve lugar; (iv) foi possível detectar danos no perfil proteico após tratamento fotodinâmico e a espectroscopia de infravermelho apresentou-se como uma metodologia promissora de screening para avaliação dos danos induzidos pela inativação fotodinâmica em proteínas; e (v) após dez ciclos consecutivos de tratamento fotodinâmico, o fago do tipo T4 não revelou nenhum tipo de resistência ao tratamento fotodinâmico nem recuperou a sua viabilidade. Como conclusão, a inativação fotodinâmica microbiana é uma tecnologia bastante eficaz para a fotoinativação de bacteriófagos do tipo DNA e RNA sem invólucro, a qual pode ser considerada como uma alternativa ao tratamento convencional com agentes antivíricos, mesmo com intensidades luminosas baixas, sem o risco associado de desenvolvimento de mecanismos de resistência.

A alga invasora Sargassum muticum e as macrófitas nativas do Sul de Portugal

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Effect of elevated CO2 concentrations and irradiance on the photosynthetic performance of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in soybean: physicochemical factors influencing the development of somatic embryos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência da auto seleção à luz no ritmo circadiano de atividade motora em Callithrix Jacchus

Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, are strictly diurnal animals. The motor activity rhythmicity is generated by the circadian timing system and is modulated by environmental factors, mainly by photic stimuli that compose the light-dark cycle. Photic stimuli can reset the biological oscilators changing activity motor pattern, by a mechanism called entrainment. Otherwise, light can act directly on expressed rhythm, without act on the biological oscillators, promoting the masking. Thus, photic stimuli can synchronize the circadian activity rhythm (CAR) by two distinct mechanisms, acting isolated or at a combined way. Among the elements that can influence photic synchronization, the duration and time of photic exposure is pointed out. If in the natural environment the marmoset can choose places of different intensity illumination and is synchronized to light-dark cycle (LD), how the photic synchronization mechanism can be evaluated in laboratory by light self-selection? With objective to response this question, four adult male marmosets were studied at two conditions: with and without sleeping box. The animals were submitted to a LD cycle (12:12/ 350:2 lx) and constant light (LL: 350 lx) conditions in individual cages with an opaque sleeping box, that permitted the light self-selection. At the room, the temperature was 25.6 ºC (± 0.3 ºC) and humidity was 78.7 (± 5%). The motor activity was recorded at 5 min bins by infrared movement sensors installed at the top of the cages. The motor activity profile was distinct at the two conditions: without the sleeping box protection against light, the activity frequency was higher at CT 11-12 (ANOVA; F(3.23) = 62.27; p < 0.01). Also, the duration of the active phase (α) was prolonged of about 1 h (t test, p < 0.05) and the animals showed a significant delay on the activity onset and offset (t test, p < 0.05) and at the acrophase (confidence intervals of 5%) of CAR. In LL, the light continuous exposure prolonged the active phase and influenced the endogenous expression of the circadian activity rhythm period. From the result analysis, it is concluded that the light self-selection can modify several parameters of CAR in marmosets, allowing the study of the synchronization mechanism using the burrow model. Thus, without sleeping box there was a phase delay between the CAR and LD (entrainment) and an increase of activity near lights off (positive masking). Furthermore, in LL, the light continuous exposure modifies α and the endogenous expression of CAR. It is suggested that the light self-selection might be take into account at investigations that evaluate the biological rhythmicity in marmosets

Ecofisiologia de morfotipos reto e espiralado de Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) em condições controladas

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

A interferência da luminosidade na agressividade e na hierarquia social de ciclídeos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização do ritmo circadiano de atividade e repouso em saguis idosos (Callithrix Jacchus)

Advanced age may become a limiting factor for the maintenance of rhythms in organisms, reducing the capacity of generation and synchronization of biological rhythms. In this study, the influence of aging on the expression of endogenous periodicity and synchronization (photic and social) of the circadian activity rhythm (CAR) was evaluated in a diurnal primate, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). This study had two approaches: one with longitudinal design, performed with a male marmoset in two different phases: adult (three years) and older (9 y.o.) (study 1) and the second, a transversal approach, with 6 old (♂: 9.7 ± 2.0 y.o.) and 11 adults animals (♂: 4.2 ± 0.8 y.o.) (study 2). The evaluation of the photic synchronization involved two conditions in LD (natural and artificial illuminations). In study 1, the animal was subjected to the following stages: LD (12:12 ~ 350: ~ 2 lx), LL (~ 350 lx) and LD resynchronization. In the second study, the animals were initially evaluated in natural LD, and then the same sequence stages of study 1. During the LL stage in study 2, the vocalizations of conspecifics kept in natural LD on the outside of the colony were considered temporal cue to the social synchronization. The record of the activity was performed automatically at intervals of five minutes through infrared sensor and actimeters, in studies 1 and 2, respectively. In general, the aged showed a more fragmented activity pattern (> IV < H and > PSD, ANOVA, p < 0.05), lower levels of activity (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and shorter duration of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in LD conditions, when compared to adults. In natural LD, the aged presented phase delay pronounced for onset and offset of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while the adults had the active phase more adjusted to light phase. Under artificial LD, there was phase advance and greater adjustment of onset and offset of activity in relation to the LD in the aged (ANOVA, p < 0.05). In LL, there was a positive correlation between age and the endogenous period () in the first 20 days (Spearman correlation, p < 0.05), with prolonged  held in two aged animals. In this condition, most adults showed free-running period of the circadian activity rhythm with  < 24 h for the first 30 days and later on relative coordination mediated by auditory cues. In study 2, the cross-correlation analysis between the activity profiles of the animals in LL with control animals kept under natural LD, found that there was less social synchronization in the aged. With the resubmission to the LD, the resynchronization rate was slower in the aged (t-test; p < 0.05) and in just one aged animal there was a loss of resynchronization capability. According to the data set, it is suggested that the aging in marmosets may be related to: 1) lower amplitude and greater fragmentation of the activity, accompanied to phase delay with extension of period, caused by changes in a photic input, in the generation and behavioral expression of the CAR; 2) lower capacity of the circadian activity rhythm to photic synchronization, that can become more robust in artificial lighting conditions, possibly due to the higher light intensities at the beginning of the active phase due to the abrupt transitions between the light and dark phases; and 3) smaller capacity of non-photic synchronization for auditory cues from conspecifics, possibly due to reducing sensory inputs and responsiveness of the circadian oscillators to auditory cues, what can make the aged marmoset most vulnerable, as these social cues may act as an important supporting factor for the photic synchronization.

Caracterização do ritmo circadiano de atividade e repouso em saguis idosos (Callithrix Jacchus)

Advanced age may become a limiting factor for the maintenance of rhythms in organisms, reducing the capacity of generation and synchronization of biological rhythms. In this study, the influence of aging on the expression of endogenous periodicity and synchronization (photic and social) of the circadian activity rhythm (CAR) was evaluated in a diurnal primate, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). This study had two approaches: one with longitudinal design, performed with a male marmoset in two different phases: adult (three years) and older (9 y.o.) (study 1) and the second, a transversal approach, with 6 old (♂: 9.7 ± 2.0 y.o.) and 11 adults animals (♂: 4.2 ± 0.8 y.o.) (study 2). The evaluation of the photic synchronization involved two conditions in LD (natural and artificial illuminations). In study 1, the animal was subjected to the following stages: LD (12:12 ~ 350: ~ 2 lx), LL (~ 350 lx) and LD resynchronization. In the second study, the animals were initially evaluated in natural LD, and then the same sequence stages of study 1. During the LL stage in study 2, the vocalizations of conspecifics kept in natural LD on the outside of the colony were considered temporal cue to the social synchronization. The record of the activity was performed automatically at intervals of five minutes through infrared sensor and actimeters, in studies 1 and 2, respectively. In general, the aged showed a more fragmented activity pattern (> IV < H and > PSD, ANOVA, p < 0.05), lower levels of activity (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and shorter duration of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in LD conditions, when compared to adults. In natural LD, the aged presented phase delay pronounced for onset and offset of active phase (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while the adults had the active phase more adjusted to light phase. Under artificial LD, there was phase advance and greater adjustment of onset and offset of activity in relation to the LD in the aged (ANOVA, p < 0.05). In LL, there was a positive correlation between age and the endogenous period () in the first 20 days (Spearman correlation, p < 0.05), with prolonged  held in two aged animals. In this condition, most adults showed free-running period of the circadian activity rhythm with  < 24 h for the first 30 days and later on relative coordination mediated by auditory cues. In study 2, the cross-correlation analysis between the activity profiles of the animals in LL with control animals kept under natural LD, found that there was less social synchronization in the aged. With the resubmission to the LD, the resynchronization rate was slower in the aged (t-test; p < 0.05) and in just one aged animal there was a loss of resynchronization capability. According to the data set, it is suggested that the aging in marmosets may be related to: 1) lower amplitude and greater fragmentation of the activity, accompanied to phase delay with extension of period, caused by changes in a photic input, in the generation and behavioral expression of the CAR; 2) lower capacity of the circadian activity rhythm to photic synchronization, that can become more robust in artificial lighting conditions, possibly due to the higher light intensities at the beginning of the active phase due to the abrupt transitions between the light and dark phases; and 3) smaller capacity of non-photic synchronization for auditory cues from conspecifics, possibly due to reducing sensory inputs and responsiveness of the circadian oscillators to auditory cues, what can make the aged marmoset most vulnerable, as these social cues may act as an important supporting factor for the photic synchronization.

Crescimento e desenvolvimento de Plinia cauliflora de acordo com a intensidade luminosa em clima subtropical

The jabuticaba fruit tree from classified in the Myrtaceae family and Plinia genre. There are about nine species of this fruit tree, that include as most important, Plinia trunciflora (jabuticaba de cabinho), naturally occurring in southwestern Paraná State, Brazil, P. cauliflora (jabuticaba Paulista or Jabuticaba Açu) and P. jaboticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará), with all the over species producing fruit for the industry or fresh consumption. Nevertheless, there aren‟t commercial orchards with this culture, with highest yield part from extractive. This fact can be combined with lack of technical knowledge for the plants produce in the field. As these species are found in the forest, the first point is whether they can adapt to other light intensity conditions. The aim of this work was to identify the adaptive behavior of jabuticaba fruit seedling and tree when they were put in different light intensities and what this can be considered ideal for the growth, as well as, its influence in the leaves secondary compounds production. Two experiments were conducted, with the first involved with the study of the seedlings and the second with plants in the field. The work was carried out at Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná State - Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized and a block design with four treatments and four replications of 10 seedlings or two plants per plot, according to nursery or orchard conditions, respectively. The treatments were base according to the light intensity. The treatments used were, 1 - full sun, similar the orchard condition, with 0% shading; 2 - side cover with shade cloth and top with transparent plastic, representing a gap forest condition; 3 - side and top cover with shade cloth, representing stage where the forest canopy is closing, focusing only indirect sunlight; 4 - side and top cover with shade cloth, simulating a closed canopy condition, with PPD (photon flux density) of 10% (90% shading); 5 - side and top cover with shade cloth, simulating a more open canopy condition with PPD 65% (35% shading). The growth and development seedling and plant characteristics were evaluated once by month, as also, during time part in the plants the secondary metabolites leaves, soil activity microbiological and the fresh and dry matter root and shoot and, root length from seedlings. For the growth and development of jabuticaba Açú Paulista seedling recommend to use of side cover with shade cloth and top with transparent plastic, representing a gap forest condition. In orchard, for the growth and development of plants jabuticaba Híbrida tree it was recommended the use of side and top cover with shade cloth of some type. For production of secondary metabolites of leaves, the plant must to be full sunlight condition orchard.